Skip to main content

Drug-Induced Oculotoxicity!

 DRUG-INDUCED OCULOTOXICITY

  • Occasionally, non-specific blurred vision occurs with almost all the drugs.
  • The drugs listed below are associated with a specific pattern of drug-induced oculotoxicity when administered systemically:


1. Allopurinol:

Despite the discovery of Allopurinol in cataractous lenses taken from patients on long term (>2 years) therapy, there is no clinical evidence for an increased risk of cataracts in allopurinol-treated patients.

2. Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents:

  • A reduction in tear production occurs, which can produce a hot, dry, gritty sensation in the eyes.
  • This is rapidly reversible with drug discontinuation.

3. Contraceptives, (Oral):

  • A variety of retinal vascular disorders have been occurred due to oral contraceptives, but the association remains unproved.
  • Some oral contraceptives users cannot tolerate contact lenses, possibly because of ocular edema or dryness. However, a prospective study failed to show any difference in lens tolerance between oral contraceptive users and non-users.

4. Sympathomimetic Agents:

  • These drugs can dilate the pupil and precipitate narrow-angle glaucoma.
  • Sympathomimetics with marked alpha-adrenergic activity Epinephrine, Phenylpropanolamine, should be avoided.
  • Large doses taken orally, or the drugs applied topically are at higher risk.

5. Gold Salts:

  • Parenteral gold can produce microscopic crystalline deposits in the cornea, most commonly in superficial layers.
  • These deposits are dose-related and rarely occur until the dosage of parenteral gold exceeds 1g.
  • The deposits slowly resolve after drug discontinuation, do not affect vision.
  • Auranofin does not produce these ocular effects.


Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Procedure of IV selection!

 IV DRUG THERAPY- SELECTION OF EQUIPMENTS AND INSERTION OF CATHETER Equipment: Canula selection: Select cannula based on purpose and duration of use and age of patient. Consider risk of infection and extravasation. Cannula made from polyurethanes are associated with decreased risk of phlebitis. Steel needles have higher risk of extravasation and should be avoided where tissue necrosis is likely if extravasation occurs.       2. Skin Prep: Antiseptic solution, use an aqueous based alternative if there is a known allergy to alcohol.       3. Other Equipment: Intravenous solution as ordered, torniquet, giving set, IV stand/pole, infusion pump, transparent occlusive dressing, tape or similar to secure cannula, gloves, paper bag.       4. Additional Equipment which may be required: Syring (5mL), sterile sodium chloride 0.9%, local anesthetics (in children), 3-way tap or triflow, short extension tube. Selection Of the Catheter Site: Generally ...
Post a Comment
Read more

General Mechanism of Actions of INSULIN.

GENERAL MECHANISM OF ACTION OF INSULIN AND RELATE HORMONES The body's main fuel is Glucose. Glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as Glycogen.  Excess glucose is stored in the adipose tissues which yield fatty acids via lipolysis. In the fasting state, free fatty acids supply much of the energy needs of the body except for the CNS which requires Glucose to function normally. Proteins can also be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis. RELEASE OF INSULIN AND GLUCAGON Insulin and Glucagon are produced in the pancreas by the Islets of Langerhans . Beta cells   make up 70%-90% of the Islets and produce Insulin and Amylin while the a-cells   produce glucagon. The main function of insulin is to decrease blood glucose levels. Glucagon, along with other counter-regulatory hormones such as growth factor, cortisol, and Epinephrine, increases Blood glucose levels.  The opposing actions of Glucagon and Insulin along with other counter-regulatory hormones maintain a norma...
Post a Comment
Read more

Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis!

 CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF DM 2. SCREENING American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends routine screening for T2 DM every 3 years in all adults starting at 45 years of age. Testing of T2 DM should be considered in any adult, regardless of their age, who have a BMI greater than or equal to 25kg/m2. The ADA does not currently recommend widespread screening for T1 DM because of the relatively low incidence in the general population, although measurement of Islet antibodies may be appropriate for high-risk individuals. 3.GESTATIONAL DIABETES: "Gestational diabetes is the glucose intolerance in women during pregnancy". All pregnant women who have risk factors for T2 DM should be screened for undiagnosed T2 DM at their first prenatal visit using standard diagnostic criteria.  Any women found to have diabetes in the early point at pregnancy is considered to have T2 DM or GDM. All other pregnant women, not currently known to have DM should be screened for GDM with a 75...
Post a Comment
Read more