Skip to main content

Diabetes Mellitus: Its Goals Of Therapy!

 GOAL OF THERPY

The goals of treatment of DM includes;

  • Reducing, controlling and managing long-term microvascular, macrovascular and neuropaathic complications.
  • Preserving beta cell function.
  • Preventing acute complications from increased Blood glucosel level.
  • Minimizing hypoglycemic episodes.
  • Maintaining patient quality of life.


--Two landmark trials, THE DIABETES CONTROL AND COMPLICATION TRIAL (DCCT) and THE UNITED KINGDOM PROSPECTIVE DIABETES STUDY(UKPDS), showed that lowering blood glucose levels decreased the risk of developing chronic complications.

--A near normal blood glucose level can be achieved with appropriate patient education, lifestyle modification and medications.

--Proper care of DM requires goal setting and assessment for glycemic control, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) monitoring of blood glucose pressure, and lipid levels, regular monitoring for the development of complications, dietary and exercise lifestyle modifications and proper medication use 

Proper care of DM requires goal setting and assessment of Glycemic control by; 

  • Monitoring daily blood glucose levels.
  • A1c monitoring 
  • Estimated Average Glucose values (eAG) monitoring.
  • Blood pressure.
  • Lipid levels.


                         1.MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

                      1. By SMBG.                                                       2. By Glucose sensors.

  • The ADA premeal plasma glucose levels goals are 70-130 mg/dL and peak post-prandial plasma glucose level goals are <180mg/dL. 
  • The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) supports tighter SMBG controls with premeal glucose level goals of < 110mg/dL. and post-prandial glucose level goals of < 140mg/dL.
  • For patients using multiple daily insulin injections or Insulin pumps therapy, the ADA recommends that SMBG be performed at least 3 times daily.

a) SMBG: It is a standard method that enables patient to obtain their current blood glucose levels at any time and is relatively inexpensive.

  • Each patient should be educated regarding how often and when to perform SMBG. 
  •  Typically, in SMBG, a drop of blood is placed on the blood sample size required to as small as 0.3 micrometers, provided the capability of alternate site testing and allowed for the delivery of readings in as few as 5 seconds. 

b) Glucose sensors: Several continuous glucose sensors are now available that works with or independently of insulin pumps. These monitors provide blood glucose readings, primarily through the interstitial fluid (ISF). 

  • A small sterile disposable glucose sensing device called a SENSOR is inserted into the subcutaneous tissues. The sensor then measures the change in glucose in ISF, and sends the information to a monitor, which stores the results.

 2.MONITORING OF HAEMOGLOBIN A1c:

Glucose interacts spontaneously with Hb in RBCs to form glycated derivatives. The most prevalent derivative is A1c because Hb has a life span of approx. 3 months, level of A1c provide a marker reflecting the average glucose levels over this time frame.


  • The ADA goals for persons with DM is less than 7% whereas AACE supports a goal of less than or equal to 6.5% 
  • Testing A1c levels should occur at least twice a year for patients who are meeting treatment goals and 4 times for patients who are not meeting goals 

3.ESTIMATED AVERAGE GLUCOSE eAG:

Estimated Average Glucose is used to correlate A1c values with readings that patients obtain from their home glucose monitors. 
  • The equation to convert from A1c to eAG is.
                                                   eAG(mg/dL) = 28.7*A1c- 46.7 
  • The goal for eAG is 154mg/dL which corresponds with an A1c of less than 7%.
  •  In standardized assay, a 1% rise in A1c translates into 35mg/dL increase in mean glucose.

4.KETONE MONITORING URINE AND BLOOD KETONE TESTING

  • It is important in people with T1DM, in pregnancy with pre-existing diabetes and in GDM. 
  • People with T2DM may have positive ketones and develop into Diabetic ketoacidosis if they are ill.
  • When there is a lack of insulin, peripheral tissues cannot take up and store glucose. this causes the body to think it is starving and because of excessive lipolysis, ketones, primarily Beta-hydroxybutyric acid and aceto-acetic acid, are produced as by-product of free fatty acids metabolism in liver.
  • Glucose and Ketones are osmotically active and when an excessive amount of ketones is formed, the body gets rid of them through urine, leading to dehydration. 
  • Patients with T1DM should test for ketones during acute illness or stress or when blood glucose levels are consistently elevated above 300mg/dL 
  • Women with pre-existing diabetes before pregnancy or with GDM should check ketones using their first morning urine sample or with any symptoms of Diabetic ketoacidosis such as nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain are present
  • Blood ketone testing methods that quantify Beta-hydroxybutyric acid are available and are a preferred way to diagnose and monitor DKA. 

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Drug-Induced Ototoxicity!

 DRUG-INDUCED OTOTOXICITY What is drug Induced Ototoxicity? Drug-Induced ototoxicity can affect hearing (auditory or cochlear function0, balance (vestibular function) depending on the drug. Drugs of almost every class have been reported to produce tinnitus (sounds in ear), as have placebos. The following agents are associated with measurable changes in hearing or vestibular defect when administered systemically. 1. AMINOGLYCOSIDES: Aminoglycosides antibiotics can cause cochlear or vestibular toxicities. Cochlear toxicity: occurs as progressive hear loss, starting with highest tones and advancing to lower tones. Thus, considerable damage can occur before the patient recognizes it. S ymptoms of Vestibular damage : include;  Dizziness Vertigo Ataxia Both forms of ototoxicity are bilateral and potentially reversible, but permanent damage is common and can progress even after discontinuation of aminoglycosides. Clinically detectable ototoxicity in as many as 5% patients. Most amin...

Medical Emergency- Cardiac Arrest and Basic Life Support (BLS)!

  MEDICAL EMERGENCY- CARDIAC ARREST AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT Definition: " Cardiac Arrest is a medical emergency requiring a systematic approach". Early recognition must be followed by prompt, effective application of Basic Life Support (BLS) techniques to sustain the patient until Advanced Life Support (ALS) capabilities are available. Management: The management of Cardiac Arrest is a 4-step approach: Recognition and Assessment BLS Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) Post-resuscitation Care 1. RECOGNITION AND ASSESMENT Verify that the respiration and circulation have ceased: Loss of consciousness Loss of functional ventilation (respiratory arrest or inadequate respiratory effort) Loss of functional perfusion (No pulse). 2. BASIC LIFE SUUPORT (BLS) The goal in cardiac arrest is the restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The first step towards achieving this ROSC goal is prompt initiation of BLS, where the goal is to rapidly and effectively perfuse the tissues wi...

Diabetes Mellitus: Non-Pharmacological Therapy--MNT!

 NON PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY  MNT Glycemic Index Dietary supplements Weight measurements Physical Activity Psychological assessment Immunizations 1. MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY (MNT)  " Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) is a term used by the ADA to describe the optimal condition of caloric intake with other aspects of diabetes therapy (Insulin, Exercise, Weight loss)". The ADA has issued recommendations for three types of MNT: Primary prevention measures of MNT are directed at preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 Diabetes in high-risk individuals (obese or with pre-diabetes) by promoting weight reduction. Secondary prevention measures of MNT are directed at preventing or delaying-related complications in diabetic individuals by improving glycemic control. Tertiary prevention measures of MNT are directed at managing diabetes-related complications (cardiovascular disease, neuropathy) in diabetic individuals. Despite the popular notion, there is not any " Diabetic diet...