Diabetes Mellitus: Etiology and Epidemiology!

DIABETES MELLITIS

Definition:

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) describes a group pf chronic metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia that may result in long-term microvascular, macrovascular and neuropathic complications. these complications contribute to diabetes being the leading cause of:
a) new cases of blindness among adults
b) end stage renal diseases
c)non-traumatic lower limb amputations

Etiology:

The increasing prevalence is caused by three influences:

1. ethnicity 2. Lifestyle 3. Age

Types:

a) Type 1 DM

b) Type 2 DM

c) Type 1.5DM

d) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

** In type 1 DM; the body fails to make insulin. In type 2 DM; body either develops resistance to insulin or not enough insulin is produced to lower the Blood glucose levels**

Epidemiology

The worldwide prevalence of DM has risen over past two decades with an estimation of 30 million cases in 1985 to 177 million cases in 2000.
Based on current trends, >30million individuals will have diabetes by 2030.
Pakistan is among the top countries to report the most cases of diabetes.

Comments

Diabetes Mellitus: Non-Pharmacological Therapy--MNT!

NON PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY MNT Glycemic Index Dietary supplements Weight measurements Physical Activity Psychological assessment Immunizations 1. MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY (MNT) " Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) is a term used by the ADA to describe the optimal condition of caloric intake with other aspects of diabetes therapy (Insulin, Exercise, Weight loss)". The ADA has issued recommendations for three types of MNT: Primary prevention measures of MNT are directed at preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 Diabetes in high-risk individuals (obese or with pre-diabetes) by promoting weight reduction. Secondary prevention measures of MNT are directed at preventing or delaying-related complications in diabetic individuals by improving glycemic control. Tertiary prevention measures of MNT are directed at managing diabetes-related complications (cardiovascular disease, neuropathy) in diabetic individuals. Despite the popular notion, there is not any " Diabetic diet...

PNEUMONIA- Its Etiology, Pathophysiology, Classification and Severity Assessment Method!

PNEUMONIA Definition: "Pneumonia is an infection of pulmonary parenchyma". (Harrison) OR "Pneumonia is defined as an acute respiratory illness associated with recently developed radiological pulmonary shadowing which may be segmental, lobar or multilobar". (Davidson) Etiology: Microorganisms gain excess to the lower respiratory tract in several ways: Aspiration from the oropharynx (most common). Inhalation of contaminated droplets. Hematogenous spread. Contiguous extension. Pathophysiology of Pneumonia: Pneumonia results from proliferation of microbial pathogens at the alveolar level and the hosts response to these microorganisms. Defensive Mechanisms against Pneumonia: The defensive mechanism against pneumonia involve: Branching architecture of tracheobronchial tree. Muco-ciliary clearance. Local...

Anatomy and the Complications Associated with Liver Diseases!

LIVER AND THE COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROGRESSION OF DISEASE! Liver: The liver weighs up to 1.5kg in adults and is the 2nd largest organ in the body. Hepatocytes are the functioning unit of liver. Impairment of liver may lead to: Acute liver diseases Chronic liver diseases Liver cirrhosis Acute Liver Disease (ALD): ALD is a self-limiting episode of hepatocyte damage which in most cases spontaneously without clinical sequelae, but acute liver failure (ALF) may develop. This is a rare condition in which there is a rapid deterioration in liver function with associated encephalopathy and coagulopathy. ALF carries significant morbidity and mortality and may require emergency liver transplant. Chronic Liver Disease (CLD): CLD occurs when the longstanding cell damage causes permanent structural changes within the liver, with the loss of normal liver structure and functions. In many cases, this may lead to cirrhosis where fibrosis sears divide the liver cells into areas of rege...

Medical Concepts

Search This Blog